Complete beginner's guide to fishkeeping: expert advice for beginners

La aquarium hobby It's much more than a hobby: it's a unique way of connect with marine life and understand the fascinating aquatic world from the comfort of your home. Getting started in aquaristics involves taking on a responsibility, since the welfare of fish and other species that inhabit the aquarium depends largely on our commitment, knowledge and daily dedication.

Beyond the recreational aspect, aquaristics is considered practically a science. It requires acquiring knowledge about biology, water chemistry and maintenance techniques to ensure that the fish live completely healthy and in a stable environment. For beginners, entering this world means learning step by step, from choosing the aquarium and its location to setting it up and caring for each of its inhabitants.

Why start in aquaristics?

Aquarium keeping provides numerous benefits for both individuals and families. Not only does it offer the opportunity to observe and learn about miniature aquatic ecosystems, but it also promotes relaxation, reduces stress and creates a more harmonious home environment. Furthermore, having an aquarium stimulates scientific curiosity, especially in children, fosters responsibility, and develops observation and analytical skills.

This hobby, however, requires an initial investment of time, resources, and patience. It is essential to understand that success in aquaristics does not depend solely on the type of aquarium or the beauty of the fish, but on the consistency in maintenance, understanding of the ecosystem and the correct selection and combination of species.

Choosing the Right Aquarium: Size and Shape

One of the most common mistakes among beginners is choosing an aquarium that is too small. Although it may seem counterintuitive, Large aquariums are more stable and easy to maintain. Changes in water parameters (temperature, pH, nitrites, nitrates, etc.) have a less drastic effect on a large volume, reducing the risk of stress and disease in the fish.

• The minimum recommended size is usually around 60 cm long by 30 cm wide and high, with a capacity of approximately 54-60 liters. This allows for housing several small species, preventing overcrowding and ensuring sufficient swimming space.
• For those who can afford it, acquire an aquarium of at least 100 liters facilitates the stabilization of the ecosystem and minimizes the possibility of fatal errors.
• The aquarium should have a regular shape, preferably rectangular. Rounded or shallow shapes can distort oxygen distribution and make cleaning and maintenance difficult.

Also, remember that fish grow, and many species can reach surprising sizes compared to their juvenile appearance in the store. Before deciding on a species, research its adult size and the conditions it requires.

Main types of aquariums for beginners

There are several styles of aquariums, each with different characteristics and requirements. To start, the most recommended option is usually a tropical freshwater aquarium, although we will review the main alternatives:

• Tropical Freshwater Aquarium: It is the most common and easiest to maintain. It allows for a very wide variety de peces and plants, as well as being more tolerant of beginner mistakes.
• Coldwater Aquarium: Designed for species such as goldfish, koi carp, and temperate climate fish. These aquariums generally require less equipment, but it's important to avoid overstocking them, as these fish grow very large.
• Marine Aquarium: For lovers of corals and exotic fish, although their maintenance is considerably more demanding, it requires prior experience, specific equipment, and advanced knowledge of parameter control.
• Planted aquarium (or aquascaping): Focused on creating natural underwater landscapes. Ideal for those who want to combine fish and live plants, balancing lighting, CO2, and nutrients.
• Species-only aquarium: This involves keeping a single type of fish or species, such as bettas or discus fish. It allows for in-depth care, but requires a thorough study of the chosen animal's needs.

Importance of aquarium location

Before setting up the aquarium, it is crucial to think about its location within the homeA medium or large aquarium, once filled, is very heavy and cannot be moved easily.

• Avoid places exposed to direct sunlight to prevent excessive algae growth and unwanted temperature variations.
• Do not place it near air currents, radiators, stoves or air conditioning units, as they can affect the water temperature and the well-being of the fish.
• Make sure it is close to a plug to facilitate the connection of filters, heaters, lighting, aerators and other electrical devices.
• Choose one solid, flat, and completely level surface, capable of supporting the total weight of the aquarium (100-litre aquariums can weigh over 120 kg when full).
• Place the aquarium in a visible and easily accessible location so you can enjoy it and quickly detect any potential problems.

Setting up the aquarium step by step

Proper preparation ensures long-term success. Below are the essential steps every beginner should follow when setting up their first aquarium:

1. Initial cleaning: Before setting up your aquarium, clean it with water only; never use soap or detergent. Do the same with the gravel and decorative elements (rocks, roots, etc.) to remove any dust or debris.
2. Placing the substrate: Distribute 3 to 5 cm of special aquarium substrate (gravel, sand, or nutrient substrate if you're adding live plants). Choose one that's compatible with the species you're breeding.
3. Installation of basic equipment: Before filling the aquarium, install the filter, heater (if necessary), aerator, and lighting. This way, you won't have to handle it once it's filled with water.
4. Filling the aquarium: Fill the aquarium slowly, placing a saucer or bag on top of the substrate to avoid disturbing it. Use tap water treated with anti-chlorine and anti-chloramine products.
5. Decoration: Add rocks, logs, and plants (natural or artificial), ensuring that they do not impede the free movement of fish or obstruct water circulation.
6. Equipment start-up: Turn on the filter and heater if it's a tropical aquarium. Check that everything is working properly and that the water parameters are optimal.
7. Aquarium Maturation: It's fundamental wait at least 3 or 4 weeks (nitrogen cycle) before introducing fish. During this period, beneficial bacteria colonize the filter and substrate, transforming toxic substances such as ammonia into less harmful compounds.

The nitrogen cycle: key to biological balance

One of the most critical points for any aquarist, especially at the beginning, is to understand how the cycle of nitrogen. Fish produce waste that becomes ammonia, a toxic substance that can kill all aquarium inhabitants if left unchecked. Nitrifying bacteria first convert ammonia into nitrites (also toxic) and then in nitrates (less dangerous), which are eventually absorbed by the plants or eliminated with water changes.

• During the aquarium maturation process, do not introduce fish. You can add a small amount of fish food or use commercial products that accelerate bacterial colonization, but always follow the manufacturer's instructions.
• It is recommended to regularly measure ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels with specific tests during this period.
• Introducing fish too early can cause spikes of deadly toxins and the failure of the aquarium from the start.

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Selection de peces and compatibility

Selecting the right species for your aquarium is essential to avoid aggression, stress, or disease. Keep the following points in mind:

• Study the behavior of each species: Some are territorial, others peaceful, and others need to live in groups.
• Check the space, feeding, temperature and water parameters requirements of each species.
• Include fish whose adult size is appropriate for the volume of your aquarium. A small fish can grow too large and end up devouring the others or becoming ill due to lack of space.
• Don't overpopulate the aquarium: A general rule of thumb is one centimeter of adult fish per liter, although this rule has many exceptions.
• Avoid pairing incompatible species (due to size, temperament, or ecological needs) and always consult reliable sources before making any impulse purchases.

Correct acclimatization of fish to the aquarium

When it comes time to introduce fish, it is essential to do so gradually to avoid thermal and parameter shocks:

• Turn off the aquarium light and float the sealed bag with the fish for about 15-20 minutes to equalize the temperature.
• Gradually add small amounts of aquarium water to the bag every 10 minutes for at least half an hour, so that the fish get used to the water composition (pH, hardness, etc.).
• Never pour the water from the bag into the aquarium: it may contain pathogens or harmful substances. Use a net to transfer fish only.
• Whenever possible, keep new fish in a quarantine tank for 2-3 weeks before introducing them to the main tank.

Basic Aquarium Maintenance: Tasks and Routines

A healthy aquarium requires regular maintenance tasks that, once mastered, don't require much effort. Your dedication will translate into healthy fish and a spectacular aquarium. Key actions include:

• Feeding: Offer only the amount of food they can consume in 2-3 minutes, once or twice a day. Avoid overfeeding, as this creates waste and pollutes the water.
• Partial water changes: Replace 15-25% of the water every one or two weeks, using settled water treated to remove chlorine and other additives. This helps control nitrates and replenishes essential minerals.
• Filter cleaning: Check the filter monthly and clean its materials in water from the aquarium itself to avoid eliminating beneficial bacteria. Never use untreated tap water.
• Algae removal and glass cleaning: Use specific tools to remove algae from the glass and decorate when necessary.
• Pruning plants: If you have natural vegetation, trim dead leaves and stems to prevent the accumulation of organic matter.
• Daily observation: Spend a few minutes observing your fish each day. Changes in behavior, coloration, or appetite are often the first signs of aquarium problems.

Essential equipment for the aquarium

Having the right equipment is crucial to success in aquarium keeping. The basic elements that every aquarium should have are:

• Filter: It keeps the water clean and oxygenated, removing waste and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. There are internal, backpack, external, and sponge filters; choose the most appropriate one based on the size and type of aquarium.
• Heater: Essential in tropical aquariums, it maintains a stable temperature based on your fish's needs. Some include an adjustable thermostat.
• Lighting: Essential for natural plants and fish health. LED lights are efficient and generate little heat.
• Aerator (optional): It promotes oxygenation of the water, especially useful in densely populated aquariums or during periods of high temperatures.
• Cleaning material: Algae scrapers, gravel siphon, buckets and nets for handling fish and cleaning the bottom.
• Test kits: pH, nitrite, nitrate, and hardness meters are essential for monitoring ecosystem health.
• Thermometer: To monitor the temperature daily.
• Substrate and decorations: In addition to their aesthetic function, they provide shelter and hiding areas for fish.

Water chemistry: pH, hardness and other parameters

Water quality is key to fish survival and well-being. The most important parameters to monitor are:

• pH: It measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity of water. Most tropical freshwater fish live between 6.5 and 7.5.
• Hardness (GH and KH): Indicates the concentration of minerals. Some species prefer soft water (low hardness), while others prefer hard water.
• Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels: Ammonia and nitrites should always be at zero. Nitrates should be below 40 mg/liter.
• Temperature: Generally between 22 and 26°C for most tropical species, although it can vary depending on the fish.

Avoid abrupt changes to these parameters. Gradual changes are less stressful for the aquarium inhabitants. If you need to change them, do so gradually and verify the effects with quality tests.

Preventing Diseases and Problems in the Aquarium

The best way to avoid diseases in fish and other inhabitants is to keep them in a stress-free environment with good water qualityKey factors to consider:

• Avoid overfeeding, since the remains generate excess nutrients and proliferation of harmful bacteria.
• Perform regular water changes to dilute possible contaminants.
• Quarantine for new fish: This will prevent you from introducing parasites or diseases to your established fish.
• Always inspect fish in the store, avoiding any that show signs of disease, erratic swimming, or fin damage.
• Maintain cleanliness and avoid unnecessary chemical products. Only treat the aquarium if absolutely necessary and under recommendation.
• A well-maintained environment, with shelters, shaded areas, and gentle currents, helps keep fish relaxed and healthy.

Final tips for a successful start in aquaristics

La patience and continuous training They are the best allies for any hobbyist. Take the time to read, consult reliable sources, and ask questions on specialized forums before making important decisions (such as introducing new species, modifying parameters, or applying treatments).

Buy your fish and equipment from trusted stores and, if you have the opportunity, visit several to compare quality and advice. Don't be impulsive: the most common mistakes beginners make are often due to hasty decisions or lack of information.

Problems in the aquarium can be prevent Easily with a solid knowledge base and consistent maintenance routines. You'll enjoy your aquarium even more if you spend a few minutes each day observing and caring for it.