The unstoppable advance of the devil fish in the aquatic ecosystems of Mexico is generating serious problems for artisanal fishing and biodiversity from various regions. This invasive species, also known as plecos, has become the number one enemy of many fishermen, causing an ecological and economic crisis that directly affects communities that depend on rivers and lagoons for their livelihoods.
The devilfish phenomenon not only puts traditional fishing at risk, but also threatens local species such as mojarra, shrimp, and other aquatic life. Its recent expansion has raised concerns in states such as Veracruz, Tabasco, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León, where the daily capture of hundreds, even thousands, of specimens is now a common occurrence.
What is the devil fish and how did it get to Mexico?
El devil fish, whose most common scientific name is Hypostomus plecostomus, is native to South America, especially the Amazon and Orinoco basins. The species was introduced to Mexico primarily as a ornamental fish for aquariums, thanks to their ability to feed on algae and maintain clean fish tanks. However, after being released or escaping from controlled environments, has managed to adapt quickly to various bodies of fresh water in the country, where, having no natural predators, it has proliferated without restrictions.
One of the most worrying aspects of this species is its robust body structure; it has a skin covered with bony plates and rows of spines, which makes it difficult to consume and sell. Unlike de peces Locally, the devilfish lacks economic value in the markets, so daily catches often end up as waste, exacerbating environmental and social problems.
Ecological and socioeconomic impact: displacement and resistance
The presence of the devil fish has altered the balance of multiple aquatic ecosystemsFishermen from areas such as the Coatzacoalcos River, Jaltepec, and tributaries near Tabasco and Veracruz report a drastic reduction in their catch of native species. "We used to catch kilos of mojarra; now we only catch devilfish," say those affected.
It is especially harmful because feeds on the eggs of other fish and crustaceans, hindering the regeneration of local populations. Their ability to survive out of water for several hours and move on land further complicates their control.
In economic terms, the invasion of the devilfish has meant that Hundreds of families see their income reducedIn places like "El Tortuguero" in Veracruz, up to 1,500 specimens are reported to be caught daily, with no use for those who extract them from the water.
Current distribution and accelerated expansion
The devilfish has been sighted and reported in a growing number of Mexican states. There is a confirmed presence in Veracruz, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosà and Nuevo León, as well as in dams such as El Cuchillo and the Montemorelos rivers. Their adaptability has facilitated their arrival even in cenotes and lagoons, where they have been activated. environmental alerts and monitoring campaigns.
In addition, this fish can live up to 14 hours out of water, allowing it to survive in extreme conditions and move across different bodies of water. It has a high resistance to capture, since their spines and hard plates can break nets and make the fishermen's job difficult.
Official actions and community response
Although the situation is considered a environmental and economic emergencyFishermen point out the lack of coordinated action between authorities. In some cases, such as in Bacalar Lagoon (Quintana Roo), investigation and capture brigades have been implemented to try to curb reproduction and record biometric data on the specimens found. The main objective of these measures is to control the devilfish population and preserve local biodiversity.
On the other hand, the importance of citizens being Report sightings and collaborate with the surveillance networkIn some municipalities, telephone numbers and specialized support teams have been set up to receive these alerts, as well as awareness campaigns about the damage this fish causes to bodies of water.
The expansion of the devil fish has also caused the implementation of monitoring strategies and the continued capture of specimens in priority areas. However, the fishing community demands greater technical support, financial backing, and productive reconversion programs for those directly affected.
Characteristics that complicate its eradication
The devil fish is distinguished by its adaptability and resilienceIt can survive in both polluted and drought-stricken waters, and even tolerate short periods out of water thanks to a stomach modified to absorb oxygen directly from the air. This trait, coupled with its rapid life cycle—they reach reproductive maturity in just one year—since males care for the eggs in underground galleries, has facilitated its uncontrolled expansion.
Although some authorities have begun capturing specimens for biometric analysis and registration, the lack of commercial value —due to its low-demand, difficult-to-prepare meat—prevents it from becoming a viable economic alternative for the affected communities.
This advance of the devilfish into Mexico's freshwater bodies represents an unprecedented environmental challenge. Aquatic ecosystems continue to be impacted by this invader, while scientists and authorities seek long-term solutions. Collaboration between local populations, institutions, and experts will be key to containing its expansion and avoiding irreversible damage to fisheries, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of thousands of Mexican families.
